句子的成分英语 英语中主要的句子成分都有哪些
日期:2019年09月02日 分类:优美句子
1、主语
主语 是一个句子的主题,是句子所述说的主体.它的位置一般在一句之首.可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。
A mooncake is a delicious,round cake.
月饼是一种美味的圆饼
2、谓语
谓语 或谓语动词 的位置一般在主语之后.谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成。
It is used by travelers and business people all over the world.
它被全世界旅行者和商业人员使用。
3、表语
表语是用来说明主语的性质,身份,特征和状态。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词,形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任。
My work is teaching English,
我的工作是教英语。
4、宾语
宾语是谓语动作所涉及的对象,它是动作的承受者,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的成分担任,宾语一般放在谓语动词后面。
We think you are right.
我们认为你是对的。
5、定语
用于描述名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语,定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。如果定语是单个词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面。
The TV set made in that factory is very good.
那个工厂生产的电视机很好。
英语句子成分用英文怎么写
主语:Subject
谓语:Predicate
宾语:Object
direct object
indirect object boy go zoo.
child --- went home yesterday..
英语句子=主语+谓语(核心:主动词)
英语句子成分歌:
英语句子八大块, 主谓宾表真实在;
补语跟着宾语表语跑, 定语同位(语)专把名词踹。
状语的位置自由自在, 忽右忽左随心所欲摆。
I.八大成分的概念和构成
一、主语:是一句的主体,是全句述说的对象,一般放于句首。
充当主语的形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)-ing形式8)介词短语(少见)
形式主语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)
1)If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.
不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹。
The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.
成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始,并要坚持不断磨练。
二、谓语:是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或者动词词组担任,放在主语的后面
谓语形式:动词(英语句子的灵魂)
I have a dream.
You don’t always want what you need, or need what you want.
所需之物未必皆所欲,所欲未必皆所需。
三、宾语:行为或活动的对象,接受者或受影响者。放在及物动词或者介词之后
You don’t find opportunities…you make them.
你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。
You probably won’t hear opportunity knock if your television is always on.
如果你常开着电视,你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。
充当宾语形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)-ing形式
形式宾语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)
四、表语:用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任说明主语的身份和情况。
构成形式:1)名词2)形容词3)代词4)数词5)不定式6)ing形式7)过去分词8)副词9)介词短语10)小品词11)名词从句
Time is money.
Three o’clock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.
你想做什么事,三点钟总是太早或太迟。
五、.补语:补充说明。(由动词类别来决定)
构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)形容词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副词小品词10)名词从句
主语补语
Tom was made monitor.
宾语补语
I made Tom monitor.
表语补语
I am sure to succeed.
六、定语:是用来说明或者限制名词的成分,常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前,相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面
7. This is beautiful music.
There are only two kinds of music…good and bad.
自古音乐分两种,好的和坏的。
构成形式:1)限定词2)形容词3)名词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副词10)关系从句
七、.同位语:对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。
Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.
构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)名词从句
八、状语:状语是用来说明动词,形容词,副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前,也可以放在动词之后;修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前,修饰词,短语,从句和整句。位置:自由自在。
1)修饰性状语:修饰动词,形容词,副词等(时间,地点,肯定,否定,程度,频度,方式,伴随,原因,目的,比较等)。
Can you feel the love tonight?
Home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it.
只有出走又回家时,家才最感亲切。
2)连接性状语:连接上下文(顺序,递进,转折,让步,结果,推论,比较)。
First comes spring, then summer.
I’ve never been to America, therefore I don’t know much about it.
3)评述性状语:修饰整个句子,表示说话人的看法或态度。
Frankly speaking, the food is not very good.
II.成分关系
1.补语跟着宾语表语跑:
补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态,则宾补就变成了主补。
To love others makes us happy…to love ourselves makes us lonely.(宾补)
We are made happy to love others…we are made lonely to love ourselves.(主补)
爱他人使我们幸福,在自己使我们孤单。
2.定语,同位(语)专把名词踹:
定语,同位语修饰名词性形式
Experience is the best teacher.(被定语所修饰的形式为名词)
They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia.(同位语所修饰的形式为名词)
3.谓语动词由状语修饰
When you reach for the stars, you may not quite get one, but you won’t come up with a handful of sand either.
你想摘下天上的星星,可能一个也摘不下;但也不会一无所获。
1、主语:
由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。
如:The painter painted a very nice picture. / They fought against SARS bravely. / To see is to believe. . / Helping animals is to help people.
动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。
如:It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. / Eating too much is bad for your health.
口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略: nothing. 没有什么。)/ doesn’t matter. 没有关系。) / thank you. 谢谢你。)
反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词:The man looks worried,doesn’t he? / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they?
祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. / You go there and fetch me a glass of water.
主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾;倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。如:Computers are made in this factory. / Where are they? / Does the boy like staying home?
主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people.
主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”。
2、谓语:
由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如:
He travelled in space for the first time. / Who teaches you English this year? / The pizza has gone bad. /
谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成:[情态动词]+[时态助动词]+[语态助动词]+[主要动词]。 记住:谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如:
I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. / He can’t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out.
谓语动词切忌用“行为动词1 + 原形动词”、“be + 原形动词”。
记住使用下列正确形式:
①情态动词+原形动词。如:You’d better go over the lesson.(你最好复习这一课。)
②shall/ will/ would+原形动词。如:They should have been there once.(他们应该去过那儿。)
③be+现在分词或者过去分词。如:What are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什么?)/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。)
④have+过去分词。如:Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(意思同上)
⑤一般时问句和否定句中:do/does/did+原形动词。如:He does not enjoy himself very much.(他日子过的不好。)/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗?)
⑥行为动词1+行为动词2 。如:He made up his mind to be a vet.(他拿定主意要做个兽医。)/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.(自尊自爱是享受生活的根本。)/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”(他们叫醒家庭的其他成员,呼喊着:圣诞快乐!)/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.(古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修建坚固的坟墓。)
不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。
谓语动词单复数形式:单数形式的动词有:is,was,has,does以及“动词+s”;复数形式的动词有:are,were,have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。
记住:主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致。(参见“4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:”) Air and water is necessary to us all.
一般问句和反意问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词。如:The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn’t it? ----Yes, it is.
3、宾语:
由名词、代词、不定式、动名词、从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”。如: The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing. / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money. / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons. / I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.
只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。Listen to the radio. / Can you hear anything exciting?
宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如:What did he see? / What does he write a letter with? / With what does he write a letter?
“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。如:Please put the shoes away. / Please put away the shoes. / Please put them away.
动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构:
①动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。如:He often gives me some help.
②动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make, buy, borrow时,介词用for.如: Please make me a kite. 或Please make a kite for me.
在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如:I found the job rather difficult. / I found it rather difficult to do the job.
宾语可以由从句充当,详见“宾语从句”。
4、表语:
说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充当。如:He became a doctor after he left high school. / The rubber wheels are over there. / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold. / Who is it?
表语只能放在连系动词 之后,对表语进行提问的句子除外。
代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。如:It’s I. 是我。
只能作表语的形容词有:sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness. / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep. / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all! / I am not alone in thinking so.
表语也可以由从句充当,详见“表语从句”。
5、定语:
修饰名词或代词的成分,常由形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、不定式充当,在初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定语的知识。如:Put it in the top drawer. / France and Switzerland are European countries. / His mother and father are both college teachers. / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.
单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序:
限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老,颜色国籍和材料,作用类别靠后靠。
冠词/物代年龄/形状/大小/温度色彩来源质地/材料目的/用途
被修饰的名词
时间副词、地点副词
介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面:The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday.
形容词修饰复合不定代词时,往往后置。如:He remembered everything unusual.
定语还可以用从句充当,详见 定语从句。
注意:由于定语属于修饰性的成分,因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中,不作为句子的主要成分。
6、状语:
说明动作“何时”、“何地”、“如何”发生,或者说明形容词或副词的程度,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。如:I was not born yesterday.(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。)/ For many of these families a college education was something new.(对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物。)/ He woke up to find his house on fire. / You cannot leave until your work is finished.
副词作状语位置较为灵活;介词短语作状语,位置基本固定;不定式作状语,一般表示目的、结果;从句作状语.
多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概念。如:He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark. /
状语还可以用从句来充当,有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。详见“状语从句”。
注意:由于状语属于修饰性的成分,常归入谓语,因此不作为句子的主要成分。
7、宾语补足语:
补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语形式、介词短语等充当。如:Call him Jim, please. / I tried my best to make him happy. / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. / He let the smaller animals bring food to him.
部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。如:Let him in, I tell you! / Please put it away.
祝你开心如意!
如何分清英语中的句子成分
概念
句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接和间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分(在英语中,一般句子必须有主语和谓语),表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。
▲句子成分分类
1.主语
主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如: 讲述“谁” We work in a big factory.
讲述“什么” The classroom is very big.
数词作主语 Three are enough. 三个人就够了
不定式作主语 To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctor’s job.
从句作主语 What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物.
▲ 在“There be …”句型中,主语的位置在中间。
如: There are some bottles of milk in the box.
▲ 在个别句型中,主语在整个句子后面,这时前面用it作形式主语。如:
It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”.
It took two workers about three months to build the house.
2.谓语 谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,谓语必须是动词,谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如:
He is very generous.
She looks very smart and cool We have finished the job.
He can speak German.
3.表语
表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当,它的位置在系动词后面。
形容词作表语 You look younger than before.
名词作表语 My father is a teacher.
副词作表语 Everyone is here.
介词短语作表语 They are at the theatre.
不定式作表语 My job is to teach them English.
动名词作表语 Her job is training the nurses.
从句作表语 That is why he didn’t come to school yesterday.
4.宾语
▲宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当,它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么,通常放在谓语动词后面。有时,会有双宾语。如:
名词作宾语 He never forgives others for their mistakes. 代词做宾语 He often helps me.
不定式作宾语 He likes to sleep in the open air.
动名词作宾语 The Americans enjoyed living in China.
从句做宾语 I believe that they can finish the work in time.
▲直接宾语和间接宾语
及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外,还需要有一个间接宾语,间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的,所以只能用名词或代词来充当。
如: We brought them some food.
主 谓 间宾 直宾
间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面,但必须加to 或 for。
5.宾语的补足语
在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如:
名词作宾补 If you let me go, I’ll make you king. 形容词作宾补 Don’t make your hands dirty.
副词作宾补 We found Li Ming out when we arrived.
介词短语作宾补 Make yourself at home.
省略to的不定式作宾补 I saw a girl go into the building.
带to的不定式作宾补 The boy ordered the dog to lie down.
现在分词作宾补 The boss kept them working all day.
过去分词作宾补 Yesterday he got his leg broken.
在英语中,常见的“宾语+宾语补足语”的结构有:
▲“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有:call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。
We call him Jack.
They made Li Lei their monitor.
▲“宾语+形容词”。
常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。如:
Do you think his idea wrong?
We must keep our classroom clean.
We can’t leave him alone.
Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?
▲“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态,与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有:down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。
如: Let him in/ out.
Mr. Li drove us home.
When got there, we found him out.
▲“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语(即宾语)所处的状态,两者有主表的关系。如:
We found everything in good order.
We regard him as our good friend.
He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.
▲“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种:
A 要求带to的不定式
The cool water of the lake invited us to swim.
B 要求不带to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等
The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day.
I often hear him read English in his room.
C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to
She sometimes helps her mother do housework.
▲“宾语+现在分词”。
现在分词作宾补,此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语,有着主谓关系。
I saw them playing on the playground.
I heard Mary singing in the classroom.
▲“宾语+过去分词”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系,过去分词表示被动和完成。
I had my bike stolen.
The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood.
▲ 形式宾语+形容词 We found it impossible to get there before Saturday.
▲宾语+what 从句 Call me what you like.
Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today.
The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago.
6.定语
▲ 定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。如: 形容词作定语
The black bike is mine.
代词作定语 What’s your name?
名词作定语 They made some paper flowers.
介词短语作定语 The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One.
不定式作短语 I have lots to eat and drink.
从句作定语 The tall boy who is standing there is Peter.
▲ 在英语中,并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面,有的是放在被修饰词的后面,故称“后置定语”。
▲ 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。如:
We’ll go to have something English.
If you don’t know the answer, ask someone else.
Do you have anything important to tell me?
▲介词短语作定语时要后置。如:
Do you know the boy behind the tree?
The students in the room are all my friends.
I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.
▲动词的不定式作定语时要后置
What about something to drink?
I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.
注 动词不定式作主语时,to 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。如果时短语时,那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的。
Do you have any piece of music to listen to?
▲nearby, below, downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。如:
We are at the top of the hill.
Can you see the village below?
The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?
They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once.
7.状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式,从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末,但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如:
He did it carefully.
They missed me very much.
Without his help, we couldn’t work it out.
In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.
When I was young, I could swim well.
英语一个句子中的各种成分
英语句子中的八大成分
目的:1.帮助理解句子 2.帮助组织句子
概述: 1.英语句子的成分有8
2.句子由各成分组合而成
3.主语和谓语动词是句子的必要成分
1.谓语动词 2 .主语 3.宾语 4.表语
5.定语 6.状语 7.补语 8.同位语
1.谓语动词(predicate verb)
说明主语的动作或状态;有动词或动词短语充当:
u We study English.
2.主语(subject)表示描述的是“谁”或是“什么”,是谓语的陈述对象;
u 通常有名词\代词\动词不定式,动名词或从句等担任
u The sun rises in the east.
u To refuse him is not easy this time. =It is not easy to refuse him this time
u Reading a foreign language is easier. =It is easier reading a foreign language
u That he will come is certain. = It is certain that he will come.
3.宾语,是放在动词或介词之后,完成其意义的一个成分;
通常由名\代动词不定式 \ v-ing或从句等担任
u We love china.
u They live in a lonely village.
u He has finished doing his homework.
u He taught me how to learn English.
u I found that he was wrong.
4.表语(predicative)说名主语的性质特征状态身分,通常出现在系动词之后。
u通常由名词\代词\数词\介词短语\动词不定式\ v_ing或从句充当
uWe are Chinese.
uTo see is to believe.
uMy hope is that he is soon well again.
⒌定语修饰或限定名词或代词用的;
通常由形容词\代\数\介词短语\动词不定式\v-ing\过去分词或从句充当:
uThere is a warm room to live in.
u I know the man standing there.
u Is there anything planned for tonight.
uWe reached the place where he lives.
6.状语修饰动词形容词副词或整个句子用的;
通常由副词\介词短语\动词不定式\v-ing或从句担任:
u He runs fast.
u I am very happy.
u My aunt will come back in three days.
u They stood there waiting for the bus.
u He will phone you as soon as he comes back.
7.补语补充和说明主语或宾语用的;
通常由形容词\名词\代词\数词\v-ing不定式等担任:
u We elected him monitor.
u I helped her to carry a heavy box.
u Mr.Smith wants his son to become a lawyer.
u I saw a girl running to me.
通常由名词\代词\或从句担任:
– this is Mr. Zhou , our headmaster.
– We heard the news that our team had won
英语句子成分
无论是语文还是英语句子成分都一样,不外乎就是主谓宾定状补之内的。
学习句子成分的时候重点抓住 主语 谓语 宾语,其他的 定语、状语、还有补语都是用来做修饰用的。一般来说定语是用来修饰名词或代词,状语是用来修饰动作,补语起补充说明的作用修饰的成分就多了可以是宾语也可以是主语也可以是整个句子。
英语的句子成分与汉语的句子成分最大的区别是,做成分的词在英语当中比较灵活.对于初学英语的人来说只要把主语 谓语 宾语学好并能分辨出的话其他的就迎刃而解了:主语&宾语 是名词或代词充当;谓语是动词或动词短语充当;宾语一般是代词或人称代词充当;定语一般是形容词或一个句子充当;状语一般是副词或者一个小句子充当;补语要看他是补充说明什么语而定。
学这玩意主要是多思考把头绪理清楚,不要急于求成,不懂的多问老师。可以先分析一些简单的短的句子。慢慢的试着去搞些复杂的来分析。希望这些能对你有所帮助,祝你学习愉快!
英语的九中句子成分
根据英语词汇在英语句子中的地位和作用, 英语句子的成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语、同位语及独立成分等。其中,主语和谓语是句子的主要成分,一般情况下,一个句子不能缺少这两种成分。
1. 主语:表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物,一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当,置于句首。如:
It’s getting cold. 天冷起来了。
Now everything is ready. 现在一切都准备好了。
The teacher is very kind to us. 老师对我们很好。
2. 谓语:说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征,由动词或动词短语充当,位于主语之后。如:
Mother bought me a VCR. 妈给我买了一台录像机。
We have finished our work already. 我们已经完成了工作。
3. 表语:表示主语的身份、性质、状态和特征,一般由名词、形容词、或相当于名词、形容词的词、短语或句子充当,位于连系动词之后,与连系动词一起构成句子的谓语。如:
Be careful! 小心!
He looks very angry. 他看上去很生气。
His job is looking after sheep. 他的任务是看羊。
4. 宾语:指动作所涉及的人或事物,一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当,位于动词之后。如:
He wrote many plays. 他写了许多剧本。
She loves swimming. 她喜欢游泳。
5. 宾语补足语:用来对宾语进行补充和说明,一般由名词、非谓语动词、形容词等充当。如:
He told us to stay. 他叫我们留下。
I’ve never seen her dancing. 我从未看见过她跳舞。
I found it difficult to refuse him. 我感到很难拒绝他。
6. 定语:对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明,一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词及句子等充当,位置可在所修饰的词之前,也可在所修饰的词之后。如:
It’s an interesting story. 那是一个有趣的故事。
Do you have time to help us? 你有时间帮助我们吗?
Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁?
7. 状语:用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、短语或整个句子等,一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或句子充当。如:
We like English very much. 我们非常喜欢英语。
Her uncle lives in Canada. 她叔叔住在加拿大。
She was lying in bed reading. 她躺在床上看书。
United we stand, divided we fall. 团结则存,分裂则亡。
8. 同位语:若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物,并且,句法功能也一样,那么,后一项称为前一项的同位语。如:
This is my friend Harry. 这是我的朋友哈利。
We students should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习。
9. 独立成分:与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系,如插入语、感叹语、呼语等,一般用逗号将它与句子隔开。如:
He’s a nice person, to be sure. 肯定他是一个好人。
Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all. 说也奇怪,考试他竟然通过了。
英语的句子成分
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语,谓语,表语,宾语,宾语补足语,定语,状语等。
顺序一般是主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,而表语,定语,状语的位置要根据情况而定。
1、主语
主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物,一般由名词,代词,数词,不定式等充当。
Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜欢看电视。
2、谓语
谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征。
一般可分为两类:
1),简单谓语
由动词构成。
可以有不同的时态,语态和语气。
Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我们为人民学习。
2),复合谓语:情态动词+不定式
Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以说一点英语。
3、表语
表语是谓语的一部分,它位于系动词如be之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。一般由名词,代词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词短语等充当。
Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是护士。
4、宾语
宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后,能作宾语的有名词,代词,数词,动词不定式等。
WelikeEng'lish.我们喜欢英语。
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。
Hegavemesom'eink.他给了我一点墨水。
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如:
Wemakehimourmon'itor.我们选他当班长。
5、定语
在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。
用作定语的主要是形容词,代词,数词,名词,副词,动词不定式,介词短语等。形容词,代词,数词,名词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰的词前面。
Heisanewstu'dent.他是个新生。
但副词,动词不定式,介词短语等作定语时,则放在被修饰的词之后。
Thebikeintheroomismine.房间里的自行车是我的。
6、状语
修饰动词,形容词,副词以及全句的句子成分,叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词,介词短语,不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。
HelivesinLon'don.他住在伦敦。